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Financial Freedom among Indian Married Women- A State-Level Analysis
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- Financial Freedom among Indian Married Women- A State-Level Analysis
Abstract Content (not more than 300 word, should include: Introduction, Objective, Methodology, critical findings & Conclusion):
Women constitute nearly half of India’s population but continue to face limited access to economic resources and decision-making power. Financial freedom—defined as access to and control over earnings, assets, and resources—is central to empowerment yet remains unevenly studied across states. This study constructs a Financial Freedom Index (FFI) for married women in India and explores regional variations and determinants of financial autonomy using data from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5, 2019–21). Nine indicators across four dimensions were included: (1) labour market outcomes (employment, income parity with husband), (2) financial agency (bank account, mobile financial transaction, loan access), (3) control over resources (say in earnings, major household expenditure), and (4) asset ownership (land and house ownership). Each indicator was equally weighted, and a composite FFI was created using additive aggregation. Reliability was tested with Cronbach’s alpha (0.68).
Results reveal wide interstate disparities. Only 26.6% of married women reported paid work, from 11.3% in Lakshadweep to 48.3% in Meghalaya. Income parity with husbands is 45.2% nationally, lowest in Himachal Pradesh (26.9%) and highest in Dadra & Nagar Haveli (59.3%). While bank account ownership exceeds 90% in Tamil Nadu and Puducherry, just 13.8% use mobile phones for financial transactions. Loan access averages 11.3%, peaking in Andhra Pradesh (35.2%). Control over earnings (79%) and household expenditure (81%) is relatively stronger, with Nagaland performing best. Asset ownership varies greatly, from 77.5% home ownership in Meghalaya to 15.6% in Andaman & Nicobar Islands. The FFI is highest in Meghalaya and lowest in Lakshadweep and West Bengal. Findings highlight persistent inequalities, with women showing greater household decision-making power but limited economic and digital financial autonomy.
Abstract theme:
In case of not been selected for oral presentation, do you want to be considered for the poster presentation ?:
No
Do you require financial support to attend the seminar ? (Not applicable for virtual meet):
Yes-full
Gender:
Female
Evaluation Status:
No