International Institute for Population Sciences
Deemed to be University (An Autonomous Organization of Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India)

Introduction: India is undergoing a rapid demographic transition, with its elderly population (aged 60 years and above) projected to reach nearly 20% by 2050. This ageing process, combined with migration of adult children and the decline of joint families, has weakened traditional caregiving systems. As a result, older persons increasingly face emotional and psychological challenges that demand policy and research attention. Objective: The paper examines how family structure, marital status, and children’s socio-economic characteristics influence the psychological well-being—specifically depression and life satisfaction—of older persons in India. Methodology: Using data from the Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI), Wave 1 (2017–18), the study focuses on adults aged 60 years and above. Depression was measured using ten self-reported symptoms, and life satisfaction was assessed through five Likert-scale statements. Logistic regression analysis was applied to estimate the adjusted effects of family and household characteristics on mental well-being, controlling for socio-demographic and economic factors. Critical Findings: Results reveal that 28% of elderly persons experience depression, while over 55% report low life satisfaction. Living alone, being widowed, or residing in smaller households significantly increases vulnerability to poor mental health. In contrast, co-residence with spouse and children and larger family size are protective. The presence of at least one literate or employed child enhances life satisfaction and reduces depression risk. Interestingly, having both sons and daughters does not guarantee better well-being, highlighting that the quality of family relationships matters more than composition. Conclusion: Family remains the primary source of emotional and social support for India’s ageing population. Policies should strengthen family-centered care, community-based support, and mental health services.